也說翻譯中的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換
瀏覽: 3894發(fā)布: 2012-08-30
在英譯漢過程中，有些句子可以逐詞對(duì)譯，有些句子則由于英漢兩種語言的表達(dá)方式不同，就不能用“一個(gè)蘿卜一個(gè)坑”的方法來逐詞對(duì)譯。原文中有些詞在譯文中需要轉(zhuǎn)換詞類，才能使?jié)h語譯文通順自然。詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯的情況歸納起來有以下四種。
一、轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞
英語和漢語比較起來，漢語中動(dòng)詞用得比較多，這是一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，往往在英語句子中只用一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，而在漢語中卻可以幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞性結(jié)構(gòu)連用。例如，在He admires the President's stated decision to fight for the job. (他對(duì)總統(tǒng)聲明為保住其職位而決心奮斗表示欽佩)中，英語的謂語動(dòng)詞只有admires一個(gè)詞，其他用的是過去分詞(stated)、動(dòng)詞派生名詞(decision)、不定式(to fight)和介詞(for)等。漢語沒有詞形變化，但可以幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞連用。因此，英語中不少詞類(尤其是名詞、介詞、形容詞和副詞)在漢譯時(shí)往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。
(一)名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞
1. 由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞，在政論文體中出現(xiàn)比較多。如：
1) The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israeli's right to exist. (1967年聯(lián)合國(guó)文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承認(rèn)以色列的生存權(quán)利的基礎(chǔ)上來解決中東沖突。)
2) Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. (火箭已經(jīng)用來探索宇宙。)
2.含有動(dòng)作意味的名詞(在記敘、描寫文體中出現(xiàn)較多)往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。如：
1) The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. (看到我們的噴氣式飛機(jī)，聽見隆隆的機(jī)聲，令我特別神往。)
2) A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. (從他的辦公室窗口可以一眼看到華盛頓紀(jì)念碑和林肯紀(jì)念館的全景。)
3. 英語中有些加后綴-er的名詞，如teacher教師，thinker思想家等等，有時(shí)在句中并不指其身份和職業(yè)，而是含有較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)作意味，在漢語中沒有恰當(dāng)?shù)膶?duì)應(yīng)名詞時(shí)，往往可以譯成動(dòng)詞。如：
1) I am afraid I can't teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. (我未必會(huì)教你游泳。我想我的小弟弟比我教得好。)
2) Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young man's past wrong doings. (在和兒子談話時(shí)，老人寬恕了年輕人過去所干的壞事。)
4. 作為習(xí)語主體的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞，如：
1) They took a final look at Iron Mike, still intact in the darkness. (他們最后看了鐵麥克一眼--它依舊安然無恙地聳立在黑暗中。
2) The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration. (下一個(gè)新聞節(jié)目比通常短，沒有提到游行。)
(二)介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞
1) "Coming!”Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. ("來啦！"她轉(zhuǎn)身蹦著跳著地跑了，越過草地，跑上小徑，跨上臺(tái)階，穿過涼臺(tái)，進(jìn)了門廊。)
2) I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and out over the sea. (我筆直向前高速飛行，越過港口，飛臨海面。)
(三)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞
英語中表示知覺、情欲、欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞，在系動(dòng)詞后作表語用時(shí)，往往可轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。如：confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious等。
1) Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life. (醫(yī)生們說他們不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。
2) The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious. (她能夠給我?guī)€(gè)信兒這件事就是個(gè)暗示。但是我必須小心謹(jǐn)慎。)
(四)副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞
1) That day he was up before sunrise. (那天他在日出以前就起來了。)
2) She opened the window to let fresh air in. (她把窗子打開，讓新鮮空氣進(jìn)來。)
二、 轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞
(一)英語中很多由名詞派生的動(dòng)詞，以及由名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動(dòng)詞，在漢語中往往不易找到相應(yīng)的動(dòng)詞，這時(shí)可將其轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語名詞。
1. 名詞派生的動(dòng)詞
1) Formality has always characterized their relationship. (他們之間的關(guān)系，有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，就是以禮相待。)
2) To them, he personified the absolute power. (在他們看來，他就是絕對(duì)權(quán)威的化身。)
2. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動(dòng)詞
1)Most U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions. (美國(guó)絕大多數(shù)間諜衛(wèi)星，按其設(shè)計(jì)，是在完成使命后，在大氣層中焚毀。)
(二)有些英語被動(dòng)式句子中的動(dòng)詞，可以譯成"受(遭)到……+名詞"、"予(加)以+名詞"這類結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth. (由于經(jīng)常受到太陽(yáng)、月亮以及地球引力的影響，衛(wèi)星活動(dòng)必須加以密切的觀察。)
(三)形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞
1. 英語中有些形容詞加上定冠詞表示某一類的人，漢譯時(shí)常譯成名詞。如：
1) They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. (他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號(hào)和傷員。)
2) Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor. (羅賓漢和他的伙伴們痛恨闊人，熱愛并保護(hù)窮人。)
2. 此外，根據(jù)情況還有些形容詞可以譯成名詞。如：
1) Stevenson was eloquent and elegant------but soft. (史蒂文森有口才、有風(fēng)度，但很軟弱。)
2) They were considered insincere. (他們被人認(rèn)為是偽君子。)
三、 轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞
(一)形容詞派生的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。
1. The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment.（她蒼白的臉色清楚地表明了她那時(shí)的情緒。）
2. The security and warmth of the destroyer's sick bay were wonderful. (驅(qū)逐艦的病室很安全也很溫暖，好極了。)
3. He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts. (他同邦迪談了一會(huì)，他提出的問題反映出他有很大的懷疑。)
(二)有些名詞加不定冠詞作表語時(shí)，往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。如：
1) The blockade was a success. (封鎖很成功。)
2) As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help. (他對(duì)這城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能給他必要的幫助。)
3) Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. (獨(dú)立思考對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)是絕對(duì)必需的。)
四、 其他詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯
(一)形容詞與副詞的互相轉(zhuǎn)譯
1. 英語名詞譯成漢語動(dòng)詞時(shí)，修飾該名詞的形容詞往往轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語副詞。如：
1) Occasionally a drizzle came down, and the intermittent flashes of lightening made us turn apprehensive glances toward Zero. (偶爾下一點(diǎn)毛毛雨，斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的閃電使得我們不時(shí)憂慮地朝著零區(qū)方向望去。)
2) It was a clear and unemotional exposition of the President's reasons for willing to begin a Chinese-American dialogue. (這篇發(fā)言清楚明白、心平氣和地說明了總統(tǒng)希望開始中美對(duì)話的原因。)
2. 英語動(dòng)詞譯成漢語名詞時(shí)，修飾該動(dòng)詞的副詞往往轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞。如：
1) He routinely radioed another agent on the ground. (他跟另一個(gè)地勤人員進(jìn)行了例行的無線電聯(lián)絡(luò)。)
2) The President had prepared meticulously for his journey. (總統(tǒng)為這次出訪作了十分周密的準(zhǔn)備。)
3. 由于英漢兩種語言表達(dá)方式不同，還有一些英語形容詞可譯為漢語副詞。如：
1) This is sheer nonsense. (這完全是胡說。)
2) Buckley was in a clear minority. (巴克利顯然屬于少數(shù)。)
3) By dialing the right number, you may be able to select a play, golf lesson or lecture in physics, from a pretaped library in a remote city, for showing on your home screen. (只要撥對(duì)了號(hào)碼，你就可以在家里電視機(jī)上選看到有遠(yuǎn)方城市一座圖書館發(fā)出的預(yù)先錄制的一出戲、一堂打高爾夫球的講課，或者一次物理學(xué)演講。)
(二)名詞與副詞的互相轉(zhuǎn)譯
1. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞
1) When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. (只要一發(fā)現(xiàn)有可能反對(duì)他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和風(fēng)趣將這人爭(zhēng)取過來。)
2) The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor. (新市長(zhǎng)有禮貌地前來訪問城市貧民，獲得了他們的一些好感。)
2. 副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞
1) They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally. (但是，他們的思想工作沒有他們的組織工作做得好。)
2) He is physically weak but mentally sound. (他身體雖弱，但思想健康。)
